Teori Sosiologi Modern Ed.7

Daftar Isi

Penulis.........................................................................................................................v

Kata Pengantar........................................................................................................ vii

Datar Isi.......................................................................................................................ix

BAGIAN I Introduksi Teori Sosiologi

BAB 1 SKETSA HISTORIS TEORI SOSIOLOGI: TAHUN-TAHUN AWAL 2

Pendahuluan.............................................................................................................. 3

Kekuatan Sosial yang Berperan dalam Perkembangan Teori Sosiologi....... 5

Revolusi Politik..........................................................................................................6

Revolusi Industri dan Kemunculan Kapitalisme.......................................................6

Kemunculan Sosialisme........................................................................................................7

Feminisme.........................................................................................................................7

Urbanisasi ........................................................................................................................8

Perubahan Keagamaan.........................................................................................................9

Pertumbuhan llmu Pengetahuan (Sains).....................................................................9

Kekuatan Intelektual dan Kemunculan Teori Sosiologi................................... 9

Abad Pencerahan....................................................................................................10

Reaksi Konservatif Terhadap Pencerahan................................................................11

Perkembangan Sosiologi Perancis......................................................................13

Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1809)..............................................................................13

Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825)...................................................................17

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)..........................................................................................17

Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)........................................................................................21

Perkembangan Sosiologi Jerman........................................................................27

Akar dan Sifat dari Teori Marx (1818 -1883).........................................................27

Akar dan Sifat dari Teori Max Weber (1864 -1920)

dan Georg Simmel (1858 -1918)........................................................................35

Asal Usul Sosiologi Inggris (British) ...................................................................46

Ekonomi Politik, Ameliorisme, dan Evolusi Sosial................................................46

Herbert Spencer (1820 -1903).......................................................................................50

Tokoh Kunci Sosiologi Italia..................................................................................54

Perkembangan Marxisme Eropa di Akhir Abad ke-19....................................56

Ringkasan..................................................................................................................57

BAB 2 SKETSA HISTORIS TEORI SOSIOLOGI: TAHUN-TAHUN KEMUDIAN 58

Teori Sosiologi Amerika Awal...............................................................................58

Politik................................................................................................................................58

Perubahan Sosial dan Arus Intelektual .....................................................................59

Mazhab Chicago .............................................................................................68

Wanita dalam Sosiologi Awal...............................................................................74

W.E.B. Du Bois dan Teori Ras................................................................................76

Teori Sosiologi Hingga Pertengahan Abad ke-20............................................78

Pertumbuhan Harvard, Liga Ivy, dan Fungsionalisme Struktural.................78

Kemunduran Mazhab Chicago........................................................................................82

Perkembangan dalam Teori Marxian..........................................................................83

Karl Mannheim dan Sosiologi llmu Pengetahuan...............................................84

Teori Sosiologi dari Pertengahan Abad ke-20..................................................85

Fungsionalisme Struktural: Puncak dan Kemerosotannya..............................85

Sosiologi Radikal di Amerika: C. Wright Mills..........................................................86

Perkembangan Teori Konflik............................................................................................87

Kelahiran Teori Pertukaran (Exchange Theory)......................................................89

Analisis Dramaturgis: Karya Erving Goffman..........................................................90

Perkembangan Sosiologi Kehidupan Sehari-hari................................................90

Perkembangan dan Kemunduran (?) Sosiologi Marxian..................................92

Tantangan Teori Feminis....................................................................................................94

Strukturalisme dan Post-Strukturalisme....................................................................95

Perkembangan Terkini dalam Teori Sosiologi..................................................96

Integrasi Mikro-Makro.........................................................................................................96

Integrasi Agensi-Struktur....................................................................................................97

Sintesis Teoretis...........................................................................................................99

Teori Modernitas dan Post-Modernitas..............................................................99

Pembela Modernitas..........................................................................................................100

Pendukung Post-Modernitas.........................................................................................100

Teori-teori yang Perlu Diperhatikan di Awal Abad ke-21........................... 101

Teori Sosiol Multikultural................................................................................................101

Teori-teori Sosial Post-Modern dan Post-Modern.............................................104

Teori Konsumsi............................................................................................................104

Teori Globalisasi...........................................................................................................105

Teori Jaringan-Aktor.........................................................................................................106

Teori Praktik...............................................................................................................107

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 108

BAGIAN II Teori Sosiologi Modern: Aliran-aliran Utama

BAB 3 FUNGSIONALISME STRUKTURAL, NEOFUNGSIONALISME,

DAN TEORI KONFLIK 112

Fungsionalisme Struktural................................................................................. 113

Teori Stratifikasi Fungsional dan Kritiknya...........................................................114

Fungsionalisme Struktural Talcott Parsons...........................................................117

Fungsionalisme Struktural Robert Merton.............................................................131

Kritik Utama..............................................................................................................139

Neofungsionalisme............................................................................................. 142

Teori Konflik.......................................................................................................... 147

Karya Ralf Dahrendorf......................................................................................................148

Otoritas..........................................................................................................................149

Kelompok, Konflik, dan Perubahan ..........................................................................151

Kritik Utama dan Upaya untuk Menghadapinya................................................152

Teori Konflik yang Lebih Integratif............................................................................154

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 159

BAB 4 VARIASI TEORI NEO-MARXIS 162

Determinisme Ekonomi...................................................................................... 162

Marxisme Hegelian.............................................................................................. 163

Georg Lukács............................................................................................................164

Antonio Gramsci.......................................................................................................167

Teori Kritis.............................................................................................................. 168

Kritik Utama Terhadap Kehidupan Sosial dan Intelektual...........................168

Kontribusi-kontribusi Utama........................................................................................173

Kritik Terhadap Teori Kritis.............................................................................................177

Ide-ide Jürgen Habermas................................................................................................178

Teori Kritis Dewasa Ini......................................................................................................182

Perkembangan Belakangan dalam Kritik Kebudayaan..................................184

Sosiologi Ekonomi Neo-Marxian...................................................................... 185

Modal dan Tenaga Kerja.................................................................................................185

Fordisme dan Post-Fordisme........................................................................................192

Marxisme Berorientasi Historis........................................................................ 195

Sistem Dunia Modern........................................................................................................195

Analisis Spasial Neo-Marxian............................................................................ 201

Produksi Ruang.......................................................................................................202

Trialektika....................................................................................................................205

Ruang-ruang Harapan......................................................................................................207

Teori Post-Marxis.................................................................................................. 210

Marxisme Analitis.....................................................................................................211

Teori Marxian Post-Modern...........................................................................................217

Pasca-Marxisme......................................................................................................220

Kritik Terhadap Post-Modernisme..............................................................................223

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 224

BAB 5 TEORI SISTEM 226

Sosiologi dan Teori Sistem Modern................................................................. 226

Hal-hal yang Dapat Diperoleh dari Teori Sistem...............................................226

Beberapa Prinsip Umum..................................................................................................228

Aplikasi untuk Dunia Sosial...........................................................................................229

Teori Sistem Umum Niklas Luhmann .............................................................. 230

Sistem-sistem Autopoietic............................................................................232

Masyarakat dan Sistem-sistem Psikis.......................................................................235

Kontingensi Ganda (Double Contingency)............................................................236

Evolusi Sistem Sosial.........................................................................................................238

Diferensiasi.....................................................................................................239

Sosiologi Pengetahuan Luhmann..............................................................................246

Kritik..........................................................................................................................247

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 249

BAB 6 INTERAKSIONISME SIMBOLIK 251

Akar Historis Utama............................................................................................. 251

Pragmatisme....................................................................................................251

Behaviorisme........................................................................................................253

Antara Reduksionisme dan Sosiologisme..............................................................254

Ide-ide George Herbert Mead........................................................................... 256

Prioritas Sosial...............................................................................................................256

Tindakan..........................................................................................................................257

Sikap-Isyarat (Gesture).....................................................................................................261

Simbol-simbol Signifikan................................................................................................263

Pikiran (Mind).................................................................................................264

Diri (Self) ..........................................................................................................................265

Masyarakat......................................................................................................................271

Interaksionisme Simbolik: Prinsip-prinsip Dasar......................................... 273

Kapasitas Berpikir.........................................................................................................273

Berpikir dan Berinteraksi ................................................................................................274

Pembelajaran Makna dan Simbol..............................................................................275

Aksi dan Interaksi...........................................................................................................277

Membuat Pilihan..............................................................................................................278

Tentang Diri dan Karya Erving Goffman.................................................................278

Kelompok dan Masyarakat.............................................................................................290

Kritik........................................................................................................................ 293

Menuju Interaksionisme Simbolik yang Makin Sintetik dan integratif... 294

Mendefinisikan Ulang Mead..........................................................................................294

Integrasi Mikro-Makro......................................................................................................295

Masa Depan Interaksionisme Simbolik........................................................... 297

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 298

BAB 7 ETNOMETODOLOGI 301

Definisi Etnometodologi.................................................................................... 301

Diversifikasi Etnometodologi............................................................................ 303

Studi Setting Institusional..............................................................................................305

Analisis Percakapan ..........................................................................................................306

Beberapa Contoh Awal....................................................................................... 308

Eksperimen Pelanggaran................................................................................................308

Prestasi Menurut Gender.................................................................................................310

Analisis Percakapan............................................................................................. 311

Percakapan Telepon: Pengenalan dan Pengakuan..........................................311

Mengawali Tawa..................................................................................................................313

Merangsang Tepuk Tangan/Pujian ...........................................................................314

Ejekan (Booing).....................................................................................315

Munculnya Interaksi dari Kalimat dan Kisah.......................................................317

Integrasi Pembicaraan dan Aktivitas Nonvokal.................................................317

Malu (dan Percaya Diri)...................................................................................................318

Studi Institusi........................................................................................................ 319

Wawancara Kerja................................................................................................................319

Negosiasi Eksekutif..........................................................................................................320

Menelepon Pusat Emergensi.........................................................................................321

Resolusi Perselisihan dalam Mediasi.......................................................................321

Kritik Terhadap Sosiologi Tradisional.............................................................. 324

Terpisah dari Aspek Sosial..............................................................................................324

Mengacaukan Topik dan Sumber...............................................................................325

Ketegangan dan Tekanan dalam Etnometodologi........................................ 326

Sintesis dan Integrasi.......................................................................................... 328

Etnometodologi dan Tatanan Mikro-Makro..........................................................329

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 330

BAB 8 TEORI PERTUKARAN, TEORI JARINGAN, & TEORI PILIHAN RASIONAL 331

Teori Pertukaran................................................................................................... 331

Behaviorisme.................................................................................................................331

Teori Pilihan Rasional.......................................................................................................332

Teori Pertukaran George Homans..............................................................................334

Proposisi Sukses (The Success Proposition).........................................................338

Proposisi Stimulus/Pendorong (The Stimulus Proposition).........................339

Proposisi Nilai (The Value Proposition)...................................................................340

Proposisi Deprivasi-Kejemuan

(The Deprivation-Satiation Proposition).......................................................340

Proposisi Persetujuan-Regresi (The Agression-Approvol Proposition)..341

Proposisi Rasionalitas (The Rationality Proposition)......................................342

Teori Pertukaran Peter Blau...........................................................................................343

Mikro ke Makro ...............................................................................................................343

Karya Richard Emerson dan Muridnya....................................................................349

Teori Jaringan........................................................................................................ 357

Basic Concerns and Principles.....................................................................................357

Teori Pertukaran Jaringan.................................................................................. 361

Kekuasaan Struktural........................................................................................................363

Struktur Kekuasaan yang Kuat dan Lemah...........................................................364

Teori Pilihan Rasional.......................................................................................... 365

Landasan Teori Sosial.......................................................................................................368

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 376

BAB 9 TEORI FEMINIS MODERN 377

Persoalan Teoretis Mendasar............................................................................ 377

Teori Sosiologi tentang Gender: 1960 -Kini.................................................. 380

Teori Gender Makro-Sosial.............................................................................................381

Teori Mikro-Sosial Modern tentang Gender..........................................................385

Keterlibatan Feminis dengan Bourdieu, Habermas dan Gidens................387

Variasi Teori Feminis Kontemporer.................................................................. 390

Perbedaan Gender..............................................................................................................393

Teori Sosiologi: Institusional dan Interaksional.................................................395

Ketimpangan Gender........................................................................................................399

Penindasan Gender............................................................................................................404

Penindasan Struktural......................................................................................................410

Feminisme dan Post-Modernisme..............................................................................423

Teori Sosiologi Feminis....................................................................................... 428

Sosiologi Pengetahuan Feminis..................................................................................428

Tatanan Sosial Makro.......................................................................................................430

Tatanan Sosial Mikro.........................................................................................................433

Subjektivitas.........................................436

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 440

BAGIAN III Perkembangan Integratif Terbaru dalam Teori Sosiologi

BAB 10 INTEGRASI MIKRO-MAKRO DAN AGENSI-STRUKTUR 444

Integrasi Mikro-Makro......................................................................................... 444

Ekstremisme Mikro -Makro.............................................................................................444

Pergeseran Menuju Integrasi Mikro-Makro...........................................................446

Contoh Integrasi Mikro-Makro.....................................................................................447

Kembali ke Masa Depan: Sosiologi Figurasional Norbert Elias.................457

Integrasi Agensi-Struktur................................................................................... 470

Contoh Utama Integrasi Agensi-Struktur...............................................................471

Perbedaan Utama dalam Literatur Agensi-Struktur.........................................497

Agen-Struktur dan Hubungan Mikro-Makro: Perbedaan Fundamental... 499

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 501

BAGIAN

IV Teori Sosial: Dari Modern ke Post-Modern

BAB 11 TEORI MODERNITAS KONTEMPORER 504

Teoretisi Klasik tentang Modernitas................................................................ 504

Modernitas Juggernaut....................................................................................... 506

Modernitas dan Konsekuensinya................................................................................508

Modernitas dan Identitas................................................................................................513

Modernitas dan Intimasi.................................................................................................514

Masyarakat Berisiko............................................................................................ 515

Menciptakan Risiko............................................................................................................516

Mengatasi Risiko.........................................517

Modernitas dan Holocaust................................................................................. 518

Produk Modernitas.............................................................................................................519

Peran Birokrasi.........................................................519

Holocaust dan Rasionalisasi.........................................................................................521

Modernitas: Proyek yang Belum Selesai........................................................ 523

Habermas versus Post-Modernis................................................................................527

Informasionalisme dan Masyarakat Jaringan................................................ 529

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 533

BAB 12 TEORI GLOBALISASI TEORI UTAMA GLOBALISASI KONTEMPORER 537

Giddens tentang “Runaway World” dari Globalisasi.......................................537

Ulrich Beck, Politik Globalisasi, dan Kosmopolitanisme...............................538

Zygmunt Bauman tentang Konsekuensi dari Globalisasi Manusia.........540

Teori Kultural........................................................................................................ 542

Diferensialisme Kultural..................................................................................................542

Konvergensi Kultural.........................................................................................................546

Hibridisasi Kultural.............................................................................................................551

Teori Ekonomi....................................................................................................... 554

Kapitalisme Transnasional.............................................................................................554

Kekaisaran.............................................................................................................556

Teori Politik........................................................................................................... 560

Teori-teori Lain..................................................................................................... 564

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 564

BAB 13 STRUKTURALISME, POST-STRUKTURALISME, DAN TEORI SOSIAL POST-MODERN 566

Strukturalisme...................................................................................................... 567

Akarnya dalam Linguistik...............................................................................................568

Strukturalisme Antropologi: Claude Lévi-Strauss..............................................569

Marxisme Struktural....................570

Post-Strukturalisme............................................................................................. 571

Ide Michael Foucault.........................................................................................................573

Teori Sosial Post-Modern................................................................................... 586

Teori Sosial Post-Modern Moderat: Fredric Jameson.......................................591

Teori Sosial Post-Modern Ekstrem: Jean Baudrillard.......................................597

Teori Sosial Post-Modernisme dan Teori Sosiologi..........................................600

Kritik dan Teori Sosial Post-modern................................................................ 601

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 606

BAB 14 PERKEMBANGAN PENTING DALAM TEORI KONTEMPORER 607

Teori Queer............................................................................................................ 607

Apa Itu Queer?..............................................608

Dari Mana Ia Berasal?.......................................................................................................611

Kritik dan Potensi Solusi..................................................................................................614

Teori Ras dan Rasisme Kritis.............................................................................. 615

Teori Aktor-Jaringan, Post-Humanisme, dan Post-Sosialitas..................... 620

Teori Praktis........................................................................................................... 626

Ringkasan............................................................................................................... 629

APENDIKS 631

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 651

INDEKS 731