Deskripsi
Mahasiswa dari program studi D-4 dan S-1 kesehatan mempelajari bagian epidemiologi deskriptif seluruhnya, dan bila dianggap perlu mempelajari bagian epidemiologi analitis dari buku ini secara terbatas. Mahasiswa dari program studi S-2 kesehatan mempelajari bagian epidemiologi analitik dari buku ini seluruhnya. Walaupun epidemiologi berkembang dalam bidang kesehatan, mata ajaran Prinsip dan Metode Epidemiologi baik yang termasuk dalam Epidemiologi Deskriptif maupun Epidemiologi Analitik dapat dipelajari pula oleh mereka yang berasal dari bidang non-kesehatan, yang dapat dipelajari oleh mereka yang mempunyai latar belakang dari berbagai bidang ilmu. Memang dalam kenyataannya mereka yang berasal dari bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial, teknik, dan lain-lain, jadi seperti sarjana hukum, sarjana ekonomi, insinyur, dan sosiolog mendapat nilai ujian yang cukup dan baik seperti koleganya yang berlatar belakang kesehatan, apabila mereka rajin dan mempunyai IQ yang normal.
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR......................................................................................v
DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................vii
BAGIAN I
EPIDEMIOLOGI DESKRIPTIF
BAB I PENGANTAR EPIDEMIOLOGI................................................3
A. Evolusi Epidemiologi.................................................................................. 3
B. Definisi dan Tujuan Epidemiologi......................................................... 9
C. Konsep Epidemiologi Modern.............................................................10
D. Riwayat Perkembangan Epidemiologi di Indonesia...................12
E. Riwayat Perkembangan Institusi Epidemiologi
di Indonesia..................................................................................................13
Rujukan..................................................................................................................16
BAB II UKURAN MASALAH KESEHATAN.....................................20
A. Rate.................................................................................................................20
B. Ratio................................................................................................................21
C. Proportional Rate.....................................................................................22
D. Incidence Rate (Omran, 1974 and MacMahon et al., 1970)...23
E. Attack Rate .................................................................................................24
F. Secondary Attack Rate...........................................................................24
G. Point Prevalence (Omran, 1974)........................................................25
H. Period Prevalence Rate (Omran, 1974)..........................................25
I. Case Fatality Rate (Beaglehole, 1993)............................................26
Rujukan..................................................................................................................29
BAB III EPIDEMIOLOGI DESKRIPTIF............................................32
A. Variabel Orang ..........................................................................................32
B. Variabel Waktu ..........................................................................................34
C. Variabel Tempat.........................................................................................36
Rujukan..................................................................................................................39
BAB IV SUMBER DATA.........................................................................41
A. Data dan Informasi...................................................................................41
B. Sumber Data...............................................................................................42
C. Alur Data.......................................................................................................46
D. Masalah Operasional...............................................................................49
Rujukan..................................................................................................................51
BAB V PENGANTAR SURVEILENS EPIDEMIOLOGI...............54
A. Elemen-elemen Surveilens...................................................................56
b. Kegunaan Surveilens Epidemiologi...................................................60
Rujukan..................................................................................................................70
BAB VI KEWASPADAAN DINI DAN PENYELIDIKAN
KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA.......................................................73
A. Sistem Kewaspadaan Dini.....................................................................73
B. Mengetahui Tanda Awal KLB dalam Masyarakat
Melalui Fasilitas Kesehatan..................................................................75
C. Pelaksanaan Penyelidikan KLB (Kejadian Luar Biasa)...............80
Rujukan..................................................................................................................87
BAB VII PENAKSIRAN VALIDITAS DAN RELIABILITAS
SKRINING DAN DIAGNOSIS..............................................90
A. Variasi Biologi Populasi Manusia........................................................91
B. Uji Dengan Hasil Dikhotom (Positif atau Negatif)......................93
C. Uji Variabel Kontinuous.........................................................................95
D. Skrining Dua Tingkat...............................................................................98
E. Predictive Value dari Suatu Uji.........................................................100
F. Hubungan Predictive Value dengan Prevalensi Penyakit.....101
G. Hubungan Predictive Value dengan Spesifisitas dari Uji......101
H. Reliabilitas dari Uji.................................................................................103
I. Variasi Antarwaktu................................................................................103
J. Variasi Antar-Pengamat......................................................................103
K. Persen Persetujuan Menyeluruh....................................................104
L. Statistik Kappa........................................................................................105
Rujukan...............................................................................................................108
BAGIAN II
EPIDEMIOLOGI ANALITIK
BAB VIII JENIS-JENIS DESAIN EPIDEMIOLOGI........................ 113
A. Studi Observasional..............................................................................115
B. Studi Intervensi.......................................................................................124
Rujukan...............................................................................................................129
BAB IX PENGUKURAN FREKUENSI
DAN EFEK PENYAKIT........................................................ 131
A. Pengukuran Frekuensi.........................................................................131
B. Pengukuran Efek....................................................................................136
Rujukan............................................................................................................... 140
BAB X PEMILIHAN KELOMPOK PADA STUDI KASUS
KONTROL............................................................................... 142
A. Pemilihan Kasus......................................................................................142
B. Sumber Kasus..........................................................................................144
C. Pemilihan Kontrol..................................................................................144
D. Sumber-sumber Kontrol.....................................................................144
Rujukan............................................................................................................... 148
BAB XI MEMILIH KELOMPOK PADA STUDI KOHORT....... 150
A. Asumsi.........................................................................................................151
Rujukan...............................................................................................................153
BAB XII EPIDEMIOLOGI EKSPERIMENTAL............................... 154
A. Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)......................................................154
B. Trial Komunitas.......................................................................................160
Rujukan...............................................................................................................162
BAB XIII KUALITAS DATA................................................................... 164
A. Relevansi Data........................................................................................164
B. Validitas Data...........................................................................................165
Rujukan............................................................................................................... 171
BAB XIV HUBUNGAN SEBAB AKIBAT
DALAM EPIDEMIOLOGI................................................... 172
A. Konsep Penyebab..................................................................................173
Rujukan...............................................................................................................180
INDEKS ..................................................................................................... 183
PARA PENULIS ........................................................................................ 189
