Deskripsi
Buku ini bukan saja merupakan pedoman, tetapi juga sebuah alat bantu untuk membuka mata kita semua. Buku ini memberikan ide-ide, saran saran, dan petunjuk-petunjuk, tentang bagaimana sebagai orangtua ataupun guru dalam kerjanya agar sukses menghadapi anak-anak yang sering kali mengalami rasa takut dan/atau murung, yang melukai dirinya sendiri, yang mengalami kemerosotan prestasi, yang merasa tidak bahagia, mempunyai masalah gangguan pemusatan perhatian (konsentrasi), atau yang tidak dapat mengendalikan emosinya sendiri.
Bagi seseorang yang dalam pekerjaannya harus berhadapan dengan anakanak, maka buku ini sedikit demi sedikit akan menjadi sumber bantuan yang kemudian dapat diaplikasikan. Sebagaimana seorang peserta pelatihan yang diselenggarakannya, di akhir acara ia mengatakan: “Nah, di sinilah saya mendapatkannya!”
Dengan perkembangan sistem pendidikan saat ini (sekolah inklusi), bukubuku seperti ini bukan hanya akan meningkatkan pengetahuan bagi para guru secara nyata, tetapi juga meningkatkan kemampuan pengelolaan serta profesionalisme guru. Dalam dunia pendidikan, perilaku ibu dan bapak guru di muka kelas berpengaruh sangat besar dalam keberfungsian siswa din sekolah.
Daftar Isi
KATA PENGANTAR DRS. PETER MOL (DIREKTUR GEDRAGPUNT) v
PENDAHULUAN vii
DAFTAR ISI ix
1. RASA TAKUT ATAU KECEMASAN 1
Gejala ......................................................................................................................................1
Apa yang Terjadi di Dalam Tubuh Ketika Timbul Rasa Takut?........................................ 3
Kapan Rasa Takut Menjadi Sebuah Masalah?................................................................... 3
Beragam Bentuk Rasa Takut atau Kecemasan.................................................................. 5
Fobia Spesifik..........................................................................................................................7
Fobia Sosial............................................................................................................................ 8
Fobia Agora............................................................................................................................11
OCD di Sekolah .................................................................................................................... 14
Apa Penyebab Gangguan Rasa Takut Itu?........................................................................ 19
Akibat dari Rasa Takut........................................................................................................20
Akibat Terhadap Orangtua dan Keluarga.......................................................................... 21
Ya, Masih Ada Harapan: Penanganan................................................................................22
Terapi Psikologi....................................................................................................................22
Segitiga Rasa Takut.............................................................................................................23
Penanganan dengan Obat-obatan......................................................................................25
EMDR.....................................................................................................................................26
Pemberian Intervensi Dilakukan Oleh Siapa? ................................................................. 27
Siapa yang Menangani dalam Keluarga? .........................................................................28
Proaktif.................................................................................................................................29
Positif....................................................................................................................................29
Struktur................................................................................................................................. 31
Stabilitas............................................................................................................................... 31
Komunikasi........................................................................................................................... 31
Perhatian yang Sesuai.........................................................................................................32
Belajar Melalui Contoh (Modeling)....................................................................................32
Rasa Percaya Diri.................................................................................................................33
Jangan Lakukan!....................................................................................................................34
Akibat bagi Sekolah.............................................................................................................34
Bagaimana Penanganan di Sekolah...................................................................................36
Sikap Guru............................................................................................................................36
Petunjuk Penanganan Semua Bentuk Anxiety Disorder................................................. 37
Program “The Friends” (Sahabat) .....................................................................................40
2. DEPRESIVITAS 43
Gangguan Depresivitas (Depressive Disorder)................................................................45
Gangguan Bipolar.................................................................................................................46
Gangguan Dysthymik (Dysthymic Disorder) ................................................................... 47
DMDD (Dysruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder).........................................................48
Penyebab Depresivitas pada Anak.....................................................................................50
Faktor-faktor Risiko............................................................................................................. 51
Dampak bagi Orangtua........................................................................................................ 51
Penanganan ..........................................................................................................................53
Bagaimana Penanganan dalam Keluarga? ......................................................................54
Dampak bagi Sekolah..........................................................................................................58
Bagaimana Penanganan di Sekolah? ...............................................................................60
3. MERUSAK DIRI SENDIRI 63
Usaha untuk Berkomunikasi...............................................................................................63
Penyebab..............................................................................................................................66
Kelompok Berisiko................................................................................................................ 67
Fungsi/Efek........................................................................................................................... 67
Panduan Sinyal-sinyal Risiko Merusak Diri Sendiri........................................................68
Berbagai Alternatif untuk Mengatasi Tindakan Merusak Diri Sendiri..........................71
Penanganan.......................................................................................................................... 72
4. TINDAKAN BUNUH DIRI 73
Tanda-tanda Perilaku Bunuh Diri....................................................................................... 73
Pelatihan Penjaga Gawang................................................................................................. 75
Prevalensi Bunuh Diri (Tingkat Kejadian)......................................................................... 75
Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko............................................................................................... 76
Kemungkinan-kemungkinan Penyebab Hingga Seorang Siswa Melakukan
(Percobaan) Bunuh Diri....................................................................................................77
Akibat Lanjut......................................................................................................................... 78
Tata Laksana.........................................................................................................................82
5. GANGGUAN KELEKATAN DENGAN ORANGTUA 89
Kebutuhan Dasar Anak .......................................................................................................89
Teori dan Subkelompok.......................................................................................................90
Prevalensi (Tingkat Kejadian)............................................................................................. 91
Berbagai Faktor Risiko........................................................................................................92
Komorbiditas (Gangguan Lain yang Mengikutinya atau Muncul Bersamaan).............93
Pencegahan ..........................................................................................................................94
Penanganan..........................................................................................................................95
Petunjuk untuk Guru............................................................................................................99
6. MAKANAN DAN GANGGUAN MAKAN 105
Dampak Gangguan Makan ...............................................................................................105
Subkelompok......................................................................................................................106
Penyebab............................................................................................................................109
Akibat Lanjut....................................................................................................................... 110
Perjalanan Gangguan dan Komorbiditas
(Gangguan Lain yang Muncul Bersamaan)................................................................. 113
Pencegahan........................................................................................................................ 113
Penanganan........................................................................................................................ 114
Kemungkinan-kemungkinan Penanganan Lain.............................................................. 114
Faktor-faktor Risiko........................................................................................................... 116
Pro-Ana................................................................................................................................117
Mengenal Tanda-tanda ..................................................................................................... 119
Petunjuk Penanganan........................................................................................................120
7. SKIZOFRENIA DAN PSIKOSIS 123
Penyakit yang Mengganggu..............................................................................................123
Prevalensi (Tingkat Kejadian)...........................................................................................124
Gejala..................................................................................................................................124
Psikosis...............................................................................................................................125
Waham................................................................................................................................126
Halusinasi ...........................................................................................................................128
Masalah di Sekolah............................................................................................................132
Masalah dengan Kontak Sosial.........................................................................................132
Masalah dalam Merawat Diri Sendiri..............................................................................133
Penyebab............................................................................................................................133
Komorbiditas (Gangguan Lain yang Ikut Serta).............................................................134
Penanganan........................................................................................................................134
Faktor-faktor Risiko...........................................................................................................136
Petunjuk.............................................................................................................................. 137
Petujuk Penanganan..........................................................................................................139
8. PERSONALITY DISORDER (GANGGUAN KEPRIBADIAN) 141
Kesulitan-kesulitan bagi Sekitarnya............................................................................... 141
Penyebab............................................................................................................................143
Penjelasan dan Tindakan yang Riskan............................................................................144
Gangguan Kepribadian Borderline...................................................................................148
Prevalensi (Angka Kejadian).............................................................................................149
Penyebab............................................................................................................................149
Komorbiditas (Masalah Ikutan)........................................................................................150
Automutilasi pada Penderita Borderline.........................................................................150
Faktor-faktor Risiko........................................................................................................... 151
Pencegahan........................................................................................................................152
Penanganan........................................................................................................................152
Petunjuk Gejala-gejala......................................................................................................153
Petunjuk Penanganan........................................................................................................155
Gangguan Kepribadian Antisosial....................................................................................156
Prevalensi (Angka Kejadian)............................................................................................. 157
Penyebab............................................................................................................................ 157
Komorbiditas (Gangguan Lain yang Menyertai)............................................................158
Faktor-faktor Risiko...........................................................................................................158
Pencegahan........................................................................................................................160
Penanganan ........................................................................................................................160
Petunjuk Tanda-tanda........................................................................................................ 161
Petunjuk Menghadapi Gangguan Kepribadian Antisosial.............................................162
9. ADHD 165
Masalah Biologis dalam Sistem Inhibisi (Sistem Rem)................................................165
Komorbiditas (Disertai Gangguan Lainnya)....................................................................168
Petunjuk Mengenali Gejala .............................................................................................. 173
Saran Penanganan Pedagogik.......................................................................................... 175
Petunjuk Pendekatan Pedagogik..................................................................................... 176
Penanganan dengan Pendekatan Didaktik..................................................................... 178
Petunjuk Didaktik............................................................................................................... 179
Saran-saran Penanganan di Sekolah ..............................................................................180
Petunjuk Penanganan di Sekolah.....................................................................................182
10. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 185
Model Penjelasan Autisme................................................................................................188
Masalah-masalah yang Berkaitan.................................................................................... 191
Komorbiditas (Gangguan Lain yang Turut Serta) dengan ASD...................................192
Penanganan dan Program Pelatihan ..............................................................................193
Berbagai Petunjuk bagi Guru...........................................................................................193
Penanganan Secara Pedagogik....................................................................................... 203
Petunjuk Penanganan Didaktik ...................................................................................... 205
Petunjuk untuk Pengorganisasian ..................................................................................207
11. PENUTUP 209
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 211
LAMPIRAN 1 NEUROTRANSMISI PENYEBAB-PENYEBAB DALAM OTAK 223
LAMPIRAN 2 GATE KEEPER TRANING 226
LAMPIRAN 3 CEKLIS GANGGUAN MAKAN 227
TENTANG PENULIS 229
Ulasan
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