Filsafat Ilmu

Daftar Isi

KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................v
BAB 1 PENGANTAR FILSAFAT ILMU 1
A. Filsafat: Istilah, Sejarah, dan Klasifikasi ..................................... 1
1. Istilah Filsafat .....................................................................................1
2. Berpikir Filsafat .................................................................................5
3. Munculnya Filsafat ...........................................................................6
4. Klasifikasi Filsafat ............................................................................. 7
B. Filsafat Ilmu ................................................................................ 15
1. Pengertian Filsafat Ilmu ...................................................................15
2. Signifikansi Filsafat Ilmu .................................................................17

BAB 2 SEJARAH FILSAFAT ILMU 19
A. Periode Klasik............................................................................................. 19
1. Periode Mesir dan Babilonia............................................................ 19
2. Periode Yunani..................................................................................21
3. Periode Romawi................................................................................29
B. Periode Abad Pertengahan......................................................... 31
1. Periode Abad Gelap Eropa............................................................... 31
2. Periode Islam ...................................................................................32
C. Periode Modern dan Kontemporer............................................ 37
1. Asal Usul Filsafat Modern...............................................................38
2. Aliran Filsafat Modern.....................................................................42
D. Periode Kontemporer ................................................................45
1. Pragmatisme ....................................................................................46
2. Fenomenologi...................................................................................47
3. Eksistensialisme...............................................................................47

BAB 3 DASAR-DASAR ONTOLOGI 49
A. Pengertian Ontologi................................................................... 49
B. Istilah-istilah dalam Ontologi................................................... 52
C. Karakteristik Ontologi............................................................... 52
D. Aliran-aliran dalam Ontologi ....................................................53
1. Monoisme........................................................................................ 53
2. Paralelisme/Dualisme..................................................................... 54
3. Pluralisme........................................................................................ 54
4. Naturalisme..................................................................................... 55
5. Materialisme.................................................................................... 56
6. Idealisme.......................................................................................... 56
7. Agnostisisme................................................................................... 58
8. Hylomorphisme............................................................................... 58
9. Nihilisme.......................................................................................... 59

BAB 4 HAKIKAT, SUMBER, DAN JENIS PENGETAHUAN 61
A. Pengetahuan, Sains, Ilmu, dan Ma’rifah.................................... 61
1. Pengetahuan Knowledge - Common Sense....................................62
2. Sains: Pengetahuan Fisik - Positivistik ..........................................64
3. Ilmu: Kesesuaian Akal dan Fakta ....................................................66
4. Ma’rifah: Model Pengetahuan Intuitif............................................69
B. Sumber Pengetahuan.................................................................. 71
1. Pengalaman Indriawi ...................................................................... 72
2. Akal................................................................................................... 75
3. Hati dan Intuisi ................................................................................76
4. Wahyu..............................................................................................78
C. Jenis-jenis Pengetahuan ............................................................79
D. Hierarki dan Klasifikasi Ilmu..................................................... 86
1. Klasifikasi Ilmu: Sebuah Perbandingan.......................................... 87
2. Klasifikasi Ilmu Menurut al-Farabi................................................ 88
3. Sasaran Klasifikasi al-Farabi.......................................................... 93
4. Karakteristik Klasifikasi al-Farabi...................................................94

BAB 5 HAKIKAT KEBENARAN 97
A. Hakikat Kebenaran..................................................................... 98
B. Teori Kebenaran......................................................................... 99
1. Teori Konsistensi..............................................................................99
2. Teori Korespondensi.......................................................................101
3. Teori Pragmatisme......................................................................... 102
4. Teori Empiris.................................................................................. 102
5. Teori Semantik............................................................................... 103
6. Teori Performatif........................................................................... 103
C. Jenis Kebenaran ........................................................................104
D. Ukuran Kebenaran ...................................................................106
1. Kebenaran Mistik........................................................................... 107
2. Kebenaran Filsafat......................................................................... 107
3. Kebenaran Sains ............................................................................ 107

BAB 6 DASAR-DASAR EPISTEMOLOGI 109
A. Persoalan Epistemologis...........................................................109
B. Perkembangan Pemikiran Epistemologi................................... 111
1. Pemikiran Epistemologi Era Yunani................................................111
2. Pemikiran Epistemologi Era Modern............................................. 114
3. Pemikiran Epistemologi Era Kontemporer..................................... 121

BAB 7 METODE ILMIAH 125
A. Metode Ilmiah.......................................................................... 125
1. Prinsip-prinsip Metode Ilmiah...................................................... 128
2. Langkah-langkah Metode Ilmiah................................................ 129
3. Aspek Pendukung Metode Ilmiah................................................. 132
4. Tentang Penelitian Ilmiah.............................................................. 133
B. Tahap Penelitian Ilmiah............................................................ 134
1. Common Sense............................................................................... 134
2. Asumsi........................................................................................... 136
3. Hipotesis......................................................................................... 138
4. Teori................................................................................................ 141
C. Sarana Berpikir Ilmiah.............................................................. 144
1. Bahasa............................................................................................ 145
2. Logika............................................................................................ 150
3. Matematika.................................................................................... 157
4. Statistika......................................................................................... 161

BAB 8 DASAR-DASAR AKSIOLOGI: RELASI ETIKA DAN IPTEK 163
A. Aksiologi: Pengertian dan Prinsip-prinsip...............................164
B. Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Etika.................................165
1. Ilmuwan dan Sikap Ilmiah............................................................. 165
2. Sikap Ilmiah dan Nilai Etika........................................................... 167
3. Masalah Etika, Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi........................ 170
4. Pragmatisitas Sains-Teknologi......................................................175
5. Bagaimana Etika Mengawal Sains-Teknologi?............................ 176

BAB 9 NETRALITAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN 179
A. Istilah Netralitas Ilmu............................................................... 179
B. Sejarah Munculnya Netralitas Ilmu.........................................180
C. Persoalan Nilai, Suatu Perdebatan?.......................................... 183
D. Tuntutan Netralitas: Antara Prinsip Konstitutif dan Isi.......... 184
E. Problem Netralitas, Antara Kegiatan Ilmiah dan Nilai Etis..... 185
F. Kesadaran Etis dan Kewajiban Etis.......................................... 187

BAB 10 ISLAMISASI ILMU PENGETAHUAN 189
A. Islamisasi Ilmu Pengetahuan....................................................189
B. Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan........................................................193
C. Islamisasi, Sebuah Proyek Peradaban......................................195
1. Dari Mana Memulai Islamisasi?.................................................... 197
2. Prinsip-prinsip Islamisasi............................................................. 200
3. Contoh Penerapan Proyek Islamisasi........................................... 202

BAB 11 PENERAPAN FILSAFAT ILMU TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN KEILMUAN 209
A. Filsafat Ilmu: Dinamika Pengetahuan Ilmiah..........................209
B. Model Penerapan, Ontologi Ilmu............................................. 215
1. Taksonomi Keilmuan.......................................................................215
2. Penyelidikan Energi Kalori..............................................................217
3. Model Penyelesaian Deductive-Nomological...............................217
C. Model Penerapan, Epistemologi...............................................219
1. Munculnya Post-Modernisme...................................................... 219
2. Eksperimen Islamisasi Sains..........................................................222
3. Model Pengukuhan Argumen Keagamaan...................................224
4. Penetapan Sumber Pengetahuan Agama......................................225
5. Pengalaman dan Data Empiris Keagamaan..................................227

BAB 12 KESIMPULAN 229
DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................... 237
TENTANG PENULIS.......................................................................245